Lesson Note on Physics SS2 Second Term 

 

SCHEME OF WORK

Week One: Heat Energy

Week Two: Heat Capacity

Week Three: Calculations on specific heat capacity

Week Four: Evaporation, Boiling and Melting points

Week Five: Latent Heat

Week Six: Vapour Pressure

Week Seven: Gas laws

Week Eight: Production and Propagation of Waves

Week Nine: Properties of Waves

Week Ten: Light Waves

Week Eleven: Refraction of light

Week Twelve: Revision

Week Thirteen: Examination

 

Physics Lesson Note For SS2 (Second Term) 

Below are the 2022 complete Physics lesson notes for SS2 Second Term

Week One: Heat Energy

INTRODUCTION:

Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. It is the property of an object which determines which way heat energy will flow when it is placed in contact with another object. Heat always flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature. Heat is a form of energy – thermal energy. When a body absorbs heat without changing its state, its temperature rises. Heat depends on the mass of a body and its temperature. To learn more, click here.

Week Two: Heat Capacity

INTRODUCTION:

The heat capacity measures the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of an object or system by one degree Celsius.

Heat capacity is defined as the ratio of the heat energy added to an object to its change in temperature.

Heat capacity is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance’s temperature by a given amount. It is measured in joules per Kelvin and given by C = Q/∆T. To learn more, click here.

Week Three: Calculations on specific heat capacity

INTRODUCTION:

If someone increases the temperature of the substance, there will be an increase in the kinetic energy of its molecules – that is an increase in its internal energy. So one needs to supply energy. The energy needed to raise the temperature of an object is proportional to the increase in temperature and mass of the object

Energy ∝ mass ×Temperature rise

Here the constant of proportionality which is depends on the substance is called the Specific Heat Capacity (c). To learn more, click here.

Week Four: Evaporation, Boiling and Melting points

INTRODUCTION:

In liquids, the molecules of the liquid are always in a state of random motion, within its surface. Some molecules may have sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the surface of the liquid. This process is known as evaporation. Evaporation takes place at all temperatures. The rate of evaporation increases with rising in temperature and becomes maximum at the boiling point of the liquid. The process of evaporation also increases with an increase in the surface area of the liquid. To learn more, click here.

Week Five: Latent Heat

INTRODUCTION:

Any substance will undergo a change in temperature if the energy is transferred between the substance and its environment. In some instances, the transfer of energy does not result in a change in temperature and can occur or take place when the physical characteristics of the substance change from one form to another or undergo a phase change.

If there is a phase change due to the change in the internal energy but no overall temperature change then we are definitely dealing with Hidden Heat or Latent Heat. To learn more, click here.

Week Six: Vapour Pressure

INTRODUCTION:

Vapour pressure– the pressure exerted by a vapour when the vapour is in equilibrium with the liquid or solid form, or both, of the same substance – i.e., when conditions are such that the substance can exist in both or in all three phases. Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapour state, and it increases with temperature. The temperature at which the vapour pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted by the surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid. To learn more, click here.

Week Seven: Gas laws

INTRODUCTION:

The early gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century when scientists began to realize that relationships between the pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold for all gases. Gases behave in a similar way over a wide variety of conditions because to a good approximation they all have molecules which are widely spaced, and nowadays the equation of state for an ideal gas is derived from kinetic theory. The earlier gas laws are now considered as special cases of the ideal gas equation, with one or more of the variables held constant. To learn more, click here.

Week Eight: Production and Propagation of Waves

INTRODUCTION:

A wave is a disturbance which travels through a medium transferring energy from one point to another without causing any permanent displacement of the medium.

Not all waves, however, require material for their propagation.

Mechanical waves are those waves that require a material a material medium for their propagation. Examples of such waves are water waves, sound waves, and waves on a rope or string. To learn more, click here.

Week Nine: Properties of Waves

INTRODUCTION:

A wave is a transfer of energy from one point to another without the transfer of material between the two points.

It is important to realize that a wave is quite a different object than a particle. A baseball thrown through a window transfers energy from one point to another, but this involves the movement of a material object between two points. A common example of a wave is a wave on the ocean – we know they carry energy, as they cause erosion on the shore, but the material (i. e., water) is not continuously being transferred onto the shore. Another example of a wave is a sound wave, which is vibrations of air molecules which propagate from one place to another. These also carry energy but do not involve the mass movement of air from one place to another. To learn more, click here.

Week Ten: Light Waves

INTRODUCTION:

Light is a form of energy, called luminous energy. This energy causes a sensation of vision, enabling us to see. There are various sources of light, for example, the sun and the stars are natural sources of light. Artificial sources of light are the candle, electric torch and electric lamp, incandescent and arc lights and fluorescent light. To learn more, click here.

Week Eleven: Refraction of light

INTRODUCTION:

When a ray travels from one transparent medium to another of different densities, its direction is abruptly changed at the surface separating the two media. This is known as the refraction of the light ray. Thus a light ray appears to bend as it crosses the boundary of two different media. Refraction is due to the difference in the speed of light in the different media. To learn more, click here.

Week Twelve: Revision

This week, we would be doing a revision of all that we learned during the term.

Week Thirteen: Examination

Afterwards, we would write an examination, which would test our knowledge of what has been taught so far.