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Alkalinity and Acidity Alkalinity and Acidity are measured using a scale of numbers from 0 to 10 called the pH scale. A solution with pH value of 7 is neutral. A solution with a pH value less than 7 is acidic while a solution with pH value greater than 7 is alkaline. Acidity increases with decreasing […]
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Introduction A salt is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is partly or completely replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion. All salts are chemically and electrically neutral. Example: Diagram above shows that when the hydrogen ion in nitric acid is replaced by Na+, Ca2+, NH4+ or Al3+ ions, salts
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Introduction Acids have long been associated with sour taste of some fruits such as lime and lemon. Their ability to change litmus solution from blue to red is well known. There are two classes of acids – organic and inorganic acids. The former occurs as a natural product in plants and animal while the latter
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Rational Numbers We can write numbers such as 8, 4½, 1/5, 0.211, √49/16, 0.3 as exact fractions or ratios: 8/1, 9/2, 1/5, 211/1 000, 7/4, 1/3. Such numbers are called rational numbers. Numbers which cannot be written as exact fractions are called non-fractional numbers, or irrational numbers. √7 is an example of a non-rational number.
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Direct Variation If a person buys some packets of sugar, the total cost is proportional to the number of packets bought. The cost of 2 packets at Nx per packet isN2x. The cost of 3 packets at Nx per packet isN3x. The cost of n packets at Nx per packet isNnx. The ratio of total
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Introduction A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The mean (often called the average) is
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Introduction The tangent is one of the three basic trigonometric functions, the other two being sine and cosine. These functions are essential to the study of triangles and relate the angles of the triangle to its sides. The simplest definition of the tangent uses the ratios of the sides of a right triangle, and modern
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Geometrical Construction Using ruler and compasses Remember the following when making geometrical constructions. 1. Use a hard pencil with a sharp point. This gives thin lines which are more accurate. 2. Check that your ruler has good straight edge. A damaged ruler is useless for construction work. 3. Check that your compasses are not too
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Introduction Good presentation can make statistical data easy to read, understand and interpret. Therefore it is important to present data clearly. i. There are two main ways of presenting data: presentation of numbers or values in lists and tables; ii. Presentation using graphs, i.e. picture. We use the following examples to show the various kinds
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There is a truth teller (always tells the truth), a liar (always lies), and one that sometimes answers truthfully and sometimes lies. Each man knows who is who. You may ask three yes or no question to determine who is who. Each time you ask a question, it must only be directed to one of
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