Joints and Muscles
Joint can be defined as the spot or point where two or more bones meet. Joints can be found at the shoulder, wrist knee, elbow wrist, ankle, skull and fingers. It is made up of the following components.
· Bones
· Ligaments
· Synovial membrane
· Cartilages
· Tendon
Functions of Parts or Components of Joint
· Ligament: This is a tough whitish tissue which connects bones together at joint.
· Cartilage: This is a thick flexible tissue which covers the surface of bones at the joint. It acts as the shock absorber.
· Synovial Membrane: This is the layer next to the cartilage. It surrounds the synovial fluid.
· Synovial Fluid: This is the colloidal liquid between the joint which reduces friction or lubricates the joint.
Classes of Joints
1. Movable Joint: It is the joint where movement is possible such as; socket and hinge joint
2. Immovable Joint: It is the joint whereby movement is not possible such as; suture joint which is found at the skull.
Types of Joint
1. Hinge Joint: It is the joint that allows the free movement and this is only found at the elbow and knee.
2. Ball Joint: It allows all directional movement in several directives. It is found at the pelvic and shoulder.
3. Suture Joint: It is made up of flat bones entering one another. It is normally found at the skull.
4. Pivot Joint: It is the joint where backward and forward movements together with sideways movement are possible.
5. Gliding Joint: It is the type of joint which occur when a bone slides on another bone, e.g. ankle and wrist.
Muscles
Muscle is a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body.
Classes of Muscles
They are;
· Voluntary Muscles: These are the muscles which have control over. They include muscles of arms and legs.
· Involuntary Muscles: These are muscles that meet on their own accord, e.g. stomach, muscle of intestine, heart.
Types of Involuntary Muscles
There are two main types:
- Bicep Muscles: These are the muscles that contact whenever we move the body.
- Tricep Muscles: These are the muscles that relax whenever we move the body.
Functions of Muscles
· It gives the body shape, movement and beauty
· It produces flesh that covers the bone.
Posture
This is the way we carry our body. Our posture can be improved through body exercise such as running, jumping, etc.
Tests and Exercises
1. The components of joint are (a) bone cartilage, tendon, Ligament (b) Cartilage chitin, muscle fibre, tendon (c) tendon, synovial capsules, cuticle, fibro elastic
Answer: Bone cartilage tendon ligament
2. Elbow can be found in which type of joint (a) ball and Socket (b) Suture joint (c) Pivot joint (d) Hinge joint
Answer: Hinge joint
3. Ankle can be found in which types of joint (a) pivot joint (b) Gliding joint (c) Ball and socket joint (d) None of the above. Answer: Gliding joint.
4. The two types of muscles are; (a) Involuntary and voluntary muscle (b) Tricept and voluntary muscle (d) Tricept and biceps muscle (d) None of the above.
Answer: Involuntary and voluntary muscle.
5. Movable joints include (a) Suture and pivot joint (b) Socket and Hinge joint (c) Gliding and Suture joint (d) pivot and gliding joint. Answer: Socket and Hinge joint.
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