English Language, JSS 2, Week 1
Contents:
Spoken English: The /i:/ and /i/ sounds
Language Structure: Prefix and Suffix
The /i:/ and /I/ sounds: revision
The /i:/ sound
The /i:/ sound is always spelled ‘ee’ or ‘ea’, but in some other ways also. Say the following:
need meat chief police
meet please piece machine
green these believe deceive
The /I/ sound
The following words contain the /I/ sound , which is usually spelled “i”. Say them
is did this fit
quick which with give
little bitter politics philip
Language Structure: Prefix and Suffix
Prefix
A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. For example, the word “unhappy” consists of the prefix “un-” [fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”yes” overflow=”visible”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ background_position=”left top” background_color=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” spacing=”yes” background_image=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” padding=”” margin_top=”0px” margin_bottom=”0px” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_direction=”left” hide_on_mobile=”no” center_content=”no” min_height=”none”][which means “not”] combined with the root (stem) word “happy”; the word “unhappy” means “not happy.”
A Short List of Prefixes:
| PREFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLES |
| de- | from, down, away reverse, opposite | decode, decrease |
| dis- | not, opposite, reverse, away | disagree, disappear |
| ex- | out of, away from, lacking, former | exhale, explosion |
| il- | not | illegal, illogical |
| im- | not, without | impossible, improper |
| in- | not, without | inaction, invisible |
| mis- | bad, wrong | mislead, misplace |
| non- | not | nonfiction, nonsense |
| pre- | before | prefix, prehistory |
| pro- | for, forward, before | proactive, profess, program |
| re- | again, back | react, reappear |
| un- | against, not, opposite | undo, unequal, unusual |
Suffix
A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word. For example, the word flavorless consists of the root word “flavor” combined with the suffix “-less” [which means “without”]; the word “flavorless” means “having no flavor.”
A Short List of Suffixes:
| SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLES |
| -able | able to, having the quality of | comfortable, portable |
| -al | relating to | annual, comical |
| -er | comparative | bigger, stronger |
| -est | superlative | strongest, tiniest |
| -ful | full of | beautiful, grateful |
| -ible | forming an adjective | reversible, terrible |
| -ily | forming an adverb | eerily, happily, lazily |
| -ing | denoting an action, a material, or a gerund | acting, showing |
| -less | without, not affected by | friendless, tireless |
| -ly | forming an adjective | clearly, hourly |
| -ness | denoting a state or condition | kindness, wilderness |
| -y | full of, denoting a condition, or a diminutive | glory, messy, victory, |
Grammar- The past perfect tense
Tenses are forms of a verb that show the time, continuance or completion of an action or a state that is expressed in connection with the moment at which a statement is made about it.
The past perfect tense
The past perfect tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to have (had) and the past participle of the verb (e.g. eaten, stolen, taken).
The past perfect tense describes an event that happened in the past before another event was completed in the past. It tells us which event happened first regardless of which event is mentioned first or second in a sentence or conversation.
Uses of Past Perfect Tense
1. To show an action happened in the past before another event took place.
- Words usually used with the Past Perfect tense are when and after.
Example: They had already finished their lunch when I arrived to join them.
Example: When he had done his homework, he went for a chat with his friend
Example: After I had eaten lots of fruit, I felt ill.
In each of the above examples there are two past actions. The past perfect tense is combined with a past simple tense to show which of the two actions happened earlier.
The event in the past perfect tense occurred before the event in the simple past tense.
- Words such as already, just and as soon as are also used with the Past Perfect tense.
Example: It had already stopped raining when I left his house
Example: The whole house had just burnt down when the firemen got there.
Example: As soon as she had got married, she regretted it.
2. for an action which happened before a definite time in the past.
Example: They had finished their prayers by ten o’clock.
3. for an action which took place and completed in the past.
Example: He had hurt his back in an accident at work and he had to stay at home for three months.
(The action happened and he suffered the consequences all in the past)
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