JSS 1 FIRST TERM MATHEMATICS WEEK 1
Topic: Development of Number Systems
It is most likely that mathematics began when people started to count and measure. Counting and measuring are part of everyday life. Nearly every language in the world contains words for numbers and measures.
People have always used their fingers to help them when counting. This led to collect numbers in groups: sometimes fives (fingers of one hand), sometimes tens (both hands) and even in groups of twenty (hands and feet). For example, someone with twenty three sheep might say, ‘I have four five and three’ sheep or one twenty and three’ sheep. It will depend on local custom and language. In every case, the number of sheep would be the same.
When people group numbers in fives we say that they are using a base five method of counting. Most people use base ten when counting. For this reason base ten is used internationally.
The table 1.1.below gives the words for the number 1 to 20 in the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba languages.
| Hausa | Igbo | Yoruba | |
| 1 | Daya | Out | Ookan |
| 2 | Biyu | Abuo | Eeji |
| 3 | Uku | Ato | Eeta |
| 4 | Hudu | Ano | Eerin |
| 5 | Biyar | Ise | Aarun-un |
| 6 | Shida | Isii | Eefa |
| 7 | Bakwai | Asaa | Eeje |
| 8 | Takwas | Asato | Eejo |
| 9 | Tara | Iteghete | Eesan |
| 10 | Goma | Iri | Eewa |
| 11 | Goma sh daya | Iri na out | Ookanla |
| 12 | Goma sha biyu | Iri na abuo | Eejila |
| 13 | Goma sha uku | Iri na ato | Eetala |
| 14 | Goma sha hudu | Iri na ano | Eerinla |
| 15 | Goma sha biyar | Iri na ise | Eedogun |
| 16 | Goma sha shida | Iri na isii | Eerindinlogun |
| 17 | Goma sha bakwai | Iri na asaa | Eetadinlogun |
| 18 | Goma sha takwas | Iri na asato | Eejidinlogun |
| 19 | Goma sha tara | Iri na iteghete | Ookandinlogun |
| 20 | Ashirin | Iri abuo | OOgun |
Other bases of counting: seven and sixty
There are seven days in a week. Suppose that a baby is two weeks and 5 days old. This means that it is two lots of seven days and 5 days old, 19 days altogether.
Example 1
Find the total of 1 week 5 days, 6 days and 3 weeks 4 days. Give the
a. in weeks and days b. in days.
Solution
wk d Method in days column:
1 5 5 + 6 + 4 = 15 days
0 6 = 2 x 7 days + 1 day
3 4 = 2 weeks + 1 day
———–
6 1 Write down 1 day and carry 2 weeks
Answer:
a. 6 weeks and 1 day,
b. 6weeks 1 day = 6 x 7 days + 1 day
= 42 days + 1 day = 43 days.
Example 2
Hind the number of seconds in 3 min 49 s.
Number of seconds in 3 min = 3 x 60 s = 180 s
Number of seconds in 3 min 49 s = 180 s + 49 s
= 229 s
Symbol for numbers
As civilisation developed, spoken languages were written down using symbols. Symbols are letters and marks which represent sounds and ideas. Thus the words on this page are symbols for spoken words. Numbers were also written down. We use the words numerals for number symbols.
The first numerals were probably tally marks. People who looked after cattle made tally marks to represent the number of animals they had. The tally marks were scratched on stones or sometimes cut on sticks.
We still use the tally system; it is very useful when counting a large of objects.
We usually group tally marks in fives; thus 
III mean three fives and two, or seventeen. Notice that in each group of five, the fifty tally is marked across the other four: IIII = 4; = 5.
Roman System
There are many ancient methods of writing numbers. The Roman system is still used today. The Romans used capital letters of the alphabets for numerals. In the Roman system I’s stand for units, X’s stands for tens ad C’s stands for hundreds. Other letters stand for 5’s, 50’s and 500’s. Table 1.2 below shows how the letters were used.
| 1 | I | 20 | XX |
| 2 | II | 40 | XL |
| 3 | III | 50 | L |
| 4 | IIII or IV | 60 | LX |
| 5 | V | 90 | XC |
| 6 | VI | 00 | C |
| 7 | VII | 400 | CD |
| 8 | VIII | 500 | D |
| 9 | IX | 900 | CM |
| 10 | X | 1000 | M |
Roman numerals were first used about 2 500 years ago. They are still in use today. You sometimes find Roman numerals on clockfaces and as chapter number in books.
Example
What number does MDCLXXVIII represent?
Work from the left:
M = 1000
D = 500
C = 100
L = 50
(two tens) XX = 20
V = 5
(three units) III = 3
Addings: MDCLXXVIII = 1678
A simple code
The Romans used letters of the alphabet to stand for numbers. We can use numbers to stand for letters of the alphabet. This gives a simple code shown in Table 1.3 beow.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26
Example
What does (6, 1, 20)(2, 15, 25) mean in the code in table 1.3 above?
From the table,
6 = F, 1 = A, 20 = T
(6, 1, 20) = FAT
2 = B, 15 = 0, 25 = Y
(2, 15, 25) = BOY
Thus (6, 1, 20)(2, 15, 25) means FAT BOY.
