Lesson Note on Chemistry SS3 Second Term
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK 1 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY (I)
WEEK 2 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY (II)
WEEK 3 SIMPLE MOLECULES AND THEIR SHAPES
WEEK 4 PETROLEUM OR CRUDE OIL
WEEK 5 VOLUMETRIC (QUANTITATIVE) ANALYSIS
WEEK 6 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Chemistry Lesson Note For SS3 (Second Term)
Below are the 2022 complete Chemistry lesson notes for SS3 Second Term
Week 1
Topic: Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reactions
Rutherford in 1919 transmitted a nitrogen isotope into an oxygen isotope. The nitrogen was subjected to the action of swift alpha – particles derived from radium salt.
Transmutation is the process by which radioactive elements change into different elements.
A nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide, to produce different products than the initial particles.
Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both are nuclear phenomena that release large amounts of energy, but they are different processes which yield different products. Learn what nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are and how you can tell them apart. To learn more, Click here
Week 2
Topic: Nuclear Chemistry (II)
Introduction to Radioactivity
Antoine Henri Becquerel, a French scientist, 1896, was conducting an experiment which started with the exposure of a uranium-bearing crystal to sunlight. Once the crystal had sat in the sunshine for a while, he placed it on a photographic plate. As he had anticipated, the crystal produced its image on the plate. Becquerel theorized that the absorbed energy of the sun was being released by the uranium in the form of x-rays. The husband and wife team of Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898 became interested in Becquerel’s discovery. While experimenting with their own uranium-containing ore, they came up with the term “radioactivity” to describe the spontaneous emissions that they studied. This word is still used today to describe this special characteristic of some elements (radioisotopes). To learn more, Click here
Week 2
Topic: Simple Molecules and their Shapes
Polar and non-polar molecules
Chemical bonding is the result of either an atom sharing one or more outer orbit electrons with another atom or an atom taking outer orbit electrons from the atom with which it is bonding. Normally, an atom has an even distribution of electrons in the orbits or shells, but if more end up on one side than the other in a molecule, there can be a resulting electrical field in that area.
Water is a polar molecule because of the way the atoms bind in the molecule such that there are excess electrons on the Oxygen side and a lack or excess of positive charges on the Hydrogen side of the molecule. To learn more, Click here
Week 4
Topic: Petroleum or Crude Oil
Crude Oil
Crude oil or Petroleum is the chief source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum which means rock oil in Latin occurs as a dark, sticky, viscous liquid. It is found in huge underground deposits in many parts of the world. Natural gas is usually found together with it. Petroleum is a mixture of gaseous liquid and solid alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and others. Natural gas consists mainly of methane. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. It exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.
Crude oil occurs in large quantities in Nigeria, especially in Bayelsa, Edo, Imo, rivers, Delta, Abia, Ondo and Cross river state. It is dark brown in colour though its composition and consistency vary from place to place. In fact, different oil-producing areas yield significantly different varieties of crude oil. We have light and heavy crude oil. The light one has low metal and sulphur content, light in colour and flows easily. It is very expensive. The heavy one has high metal and sulphur content and must be heated to become fluid. It is less expensive petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth’s surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation. To learn more, Click here
Week 5
Topic: Volumetric Analysis
Introduction
Volumetric analysis is an analytical method or procedure for working out the titre or concentration of an analyte in a solution. This is done by measuring the volume of a standard solution of an appropriate reagent whose precise concentration is already known.
Preparing A Standard Solution
- A standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is known.
- The steps taken in preparing a standard solution are:
- Determine the volume and concentration that you want to prepare.
- Calculate the mass of solute needed to give the required volume and concentration. To learn more, Click here
Week 6
Topic: Qualitative Analysis
Identification of Ions
There are 10 cations and 4 anions to be studied:
| Cation | |||
| Sodium | Na+ | Iron (II) | Fe2+ |
| Calcium | Ca2+ | Iron (III) | Fe3+ |
| Magnesium | Mg2+ | Lead(II) | Pb2+ |
| Aluminium | Al3+ | Copper (II) | Cu2+ |
| Zinc | Zn2+ | Ammonium | NH4+ |
To learn more, Click here
