Agricultural Science, SS 2, Week 2
Topic: Anatomy and Physiology
Definition
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy refers to the form and structure of the body while physiology refers to the functions of the forms and parts of the body. Some of the systems which maintain the body include, circulatory system, reproductive, respiratory, nervous and digestive system.
Circulatory System
This system involves all the organs and tissues which are concurred with the movement of materials from one part of the body to another where they are either used or removed. These organs and tissues include the heart, the blood and the blood vessels.
- The Heart
The heart is one of the most powerful organs in the circulatory system. It helps to pump blood round the body. Each pumping action of the heart is known as heartbeat.
- The Blood
Blood is a fluid tissue. It is made up of two parts. The fluid plasma and the blood cells are corpuscles. There are three blood cells. These are erythrocytes (RBC), Leucocytes (WBC) and Thrombocytes (The blood platelets).
- The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels are the network of spaces in the body through which materials are moved from one part of the body to the other with the aid of blood. There are three types of blood vessels. These are the artery, the vein and capillaries.
B.Reproductive System
Reproduction is the ability of animals to give birth to young ones. The reproductive system includes all the organs and tissues concerned with reproduction in animals.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system include the testes, somniferous tubules, scrotal SAC (Scrotum), Epididymis, uterus masculinus, Spermatic cord, uretha, cowper’s gland, seminal vesicle prostate glands and penis.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive systems include the ovaries, oviduct, uterus, vagina, vestibule, cowper’s gland, perineal gland and vulva.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes all the organs and tissues associated with the exchange of gases between the animal and its environment leading to the release of energy. The purpose of respiration is to supply oxygen to the cells which oxidize, or burn down the food to release energy. The most important oxygen of respiration in all land animals is the lungs while aquatic animals like; fish use the gills to respire.
Types of Respiration
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic
Process of Breathing
- Inspiration (inhabitation): This involves the breathing in of air into the lungs.
- Expiration (Exhalation): This involves the breathing but of air from the lungs
Nervous System
The nervous system includes all the organs and tissues which enable animals to respond to changes in their environment. A change in the environment is called a response. The nervous system of mammals is composed of two parts namely;
- The central nervous system: This is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system: This consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous.
- Reflex actions: These are actions carried out by animals in response to certain stimuli without first thinking or planning for them e.g. sneezing etc.
Digestive System
The digestive system of a farm animal includes all the organs and tissues associated with the breaking down or digestion of food in the body. Farm animals are grouped into two main classes based on the nature of their alimentary canal or digestive tract.
They are;
- Mono-gastric or non-ruminant animal e.g. Pig, Rabbit etc.
- Poly-gastric or Ruminant animals e.g. Cattle, Sheep etc.
Differences between Mono-gastric Animal and Ruminant Animal
|
S/N |
Mono-gastric Animal |
Poly-gastric Animal |
|
1. |
Possesses only one stomach. |
Possesses four stomach compartments. |
|
2. |
They cannot chew cud. |
They can chew cud. |
|
3. |
They do not regurgitate. |
They regurgitate. |
|
4. |
Digestion is not aided by bacteria. |
Digestion is aided by bacteria. |
|
5. |
They cannot digest cellulose and fibres properly. |
They can digest cellulose and fibres properly. |
For more notes; see: https://passnownow.com/classwork-support/
