Grammar Clinic

Meaning: Having an external cause or origin. Example: Technological changes exogenous to the oil industry

Meaning: A writ ordering a person to attend a court. Example: A subpoena may be issued to compel their attendance.

Meaning: A collection of historical documents or records providing information about a place, institution, or group of people. Example: Source materials in local archives Synonyms: records, annals, chronicles, registers, accounts

Meaning: Having a firm basis in reality and so important, meaningful, or considerable. Example: There is no substantive evidence for the efficacy of these drugs

Meaning: Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy. Example: cumbersome diving suits Synonyms: unwieldy, unmanageable, awkward, clumsy, ungainly, inconvenient, incommodious

Meaning: An optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions, especially the appearance of a sheet of water in a desert or on a hot road caused by the refraction of light from the sky by heated air. Example: The surface of the road ahead rippled in the heat mirages. Synonyms: optical illusion, hallucination, phantasmagosia, apparition, fantasy,

Meaning: Cause or arrange for (something) to take place at a time later than that first scheduled. Example: The visit had to be postponed for some time. Synonyms: put off, delay, defer, put back, hold over/off, carry over, reschedule, adjourn, stay, shelve, stand over, pigeonhole, keep in abeyance, suspend, mothball  Antonyms: advance, bring forward

Meaning: A formal and organized choice by vote of a person for a political office or other position. Example: The 2008 local council elections Synonyms: ballot, vote, poll, referendum, plebiscite, general election, local election, popular vote, straw vote/poll Antonyms: voting out

Meaning: A survey or review of a past course of events or period of time. Example: A full retrospect of the battle

Meaning: Relating to the proletariat. Example: a proletarian ideology Synonyms: working-class, plebeian, cloth-cap, common, ordinary “those from less privileged, proletarian backgrounds